Improved cookstoves usage have been linked several social, economic and environmental benefits; these benefits however can only be achieved through predominant and correct usage by the consumers. A lot of studies have been done to determine the factors responsible for their low uptake, adoption and use despite the high levels of awareness. Some factors that contribute to low uptake include cost of acquiring of the stove, suitability and convenience. 318 households were investigated in the county and results indicated that only 15 households (4.7%) used improved cookstoves exclusively to meet their cooking requirements. The remaining households used a combination of various stoves for cooking which depended on the type of meal and the time the meal was being prepared. This study examined the types of cookstoves found in Kiambu, County in Kenya their rate of adoption as well as factors that influence their adoption and use. This study determined four drivers and barriers to successful improved cookstove adoption namely; Convenience and suitability, location, cost implication and access to information. Additionally, the study highlighted strategies that could be adopted by both the stove manufacturers and policymakers to enhance uptake and use of improved cookstoves which include: Understanding consumer needs and preference, diversification of financing options, use of peer groups to disseminate improved cookstove information.

Vegetables and fruits are an essential part of the diet. Different pesticides are used to kill pests in these vegetable and fruits so pesticide residues are present in different fruits and vegetables. Different methods like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) methods are used for the estimation of pesticide residue. QuEChERS is a technique for sample preparation that simplifies the residue analysis.  Pesticide residue determination is generally done in seven steps that are sampling, sample preparation, sample size reduction, sample processing, extraction and cleanup and instrumental determination. Pesticides present in foods as residues, cause adverse health effects, including neurological disorders, nervous system, mimicking hormones leading to reproductive problems and carcinogenicity, in addition to environmental contamination concerns arising from its use. Food tolerances-based control is well-defined as Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), which is established by the European Union (EU), Codex Alimentarius (CA), and other regulatory organizations like EPA, USA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA), EFSA, European Union (European Food Safety Authority, European Union), among others.  Therefore, after completing the literature survey concluded that QuEChERS technique most commonly usable for sample preparation for pesticide residual analysis. The present study mainly focused on techniques for pesticide residual analysis like HPLC, GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) / LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) & UV-VIS (UV-Visible Spectrophotometry) for detection of pesticide and also concentration of present pesticides in crops and vegetables.

To avoid hunger and meet the needs of the increasing global population (expected to be 9.76 billion by 2050), it is very necessary to increase agricultural production. Since 1960, the application of pesticides has been one of the factors that have improved agricultural production. Pesticides protect the crops from insects, fungi, bacteria, and competing weeds. The pesticide also protects the stored agricultural products from rodents and other pests. Out of more than 10,000 synthetic chemical compounds used as pesticides nowadays, about 2000 active ingredients in 60 classes of chemicals are used as pesticides globally. Pesticides are also used to protect citizens from vector-borne diseases. In 2021, about 4.2 million metric tonnes of pesticides will have been used as agrochemicals globally. Some of the applied pesticides that are toxic to humans persist for a very long time in the environment as they cannot be easily degraded or bio-accumulated. The residues of the pesticides or related daughter products are present in all the compartments of aquatic and terrestrial environments (soil, groundwater, surface water, food chain, sea products, vegetables, fruits, animal milk, and breast milk). When humans and other animal’s uptake pesticide-contaminated food and water, the pesticides are bio accumulated in humans and animals. The exposure of humans and animals to pesticides may cause short-term effects such as headaches, nausea, asthma, sore throat, eye irritation, skin irritation, diarrhoea, pharyngitis, nasal irritation, sinusitis, contact dermatitis, or long-term effects related to growth, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, liver and kidney damage, breast, prostate, brain, liver cancer, and reproductive effects (sperm abnormalities, infertility, birth defects, abortion). For a better life, it is very essential to use these synthetic chemicals judiciously. This review aims to report the impact of commonly used pesticides on aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly concentration and memory enhancement and physical performance improvement. India is one of the countries, in which maximum population starts their daily routine with caffeine consumption in form of tea or coffee. Coffee and caffeine contain product affects the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and the central nervous system, with their locomotor activity stimulation and anxiogenic-like affect. Furthermore, caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more common and can lead to caffeine intoxication, which puts individual at high risk for premature and unnatural death. The present review summarizes estimation of caffeine and its effect on population of Kota. Five tea leaves (Madhu Shree tea, Raj Sahi tea, Tazza tea, Lipton green tea and Lipton lemon tea) are collected as a sample, caffeine is estimated by chloroform method. This estimation result shows that around 48-50% of caffeine is consumed by the population every day. This also suggested that students are at high risk, directly or indirectly they are consuming caffeine, which causing a serious effect on body day by day.

Foams are an example of minimum surface structures. In fact, thin, single soap films created between a wire frame are surfaces of zero mean curvature and hence of minimal surface. These foams end up in lake due to excessive detergents-based waste water entering the lake and causing enrichment of nutrients. These not only spoils the aesthetics of the lake but also effects the aquatic life cycle of the lake water. This research work is concerned with aqueous foams. A suitable definition of which is, a two-phase system in which a large volume fraction of gas is dispersed as bubbles throughout a continuous liquid matrix. To elaborate, these gas bubbles are contained by thin liquid films stabilized by the presence of some form of surfactant (surface active molecules which preferentially accumulate at the liquid-gas interface). These films are inter-connected at their meeting points via plateau borders, forming a continuous liquid phase throughout the structure. Foam stability is governed by drainage properties and coarsening (also referred to as Ostwald ripening). In certain circumstances foam will undergo topological transformation to attain a state of lower surface energy, dissipating the excess energy as heat. In the present study an attempt has been made to remove the froth in lakes using a probe.