This research carried out determination in Salvia tomentosa Mill. types of components essential oil content for growing season in Mount Ida (Edremit-Balikesir-Turkey). According to the results of essential oils contents changed the average content was determined as 1.95 %. We obtained the eighteen components from aerial parts of Salvia tomentosa. The highest values in terms of essential oil components α-pinene (26.4 %), borneol (18.7 %), camphor (9.7 %) and 1,8 cineole (8.1 %) were determined.

The results of a water balance parameters using empirical methods in the area of Atalanti river basin in central-eastern Greece, are presented in this essay. The major objective of this research study was to evaluate the currently applied process for estimating water balance characterizing the hydrological regime. Once the measurements of the hydrological balance components are complete, the analysis of the hydrology of a basin is best approached through the water budget. The water availability of a region is one of the most significant considerations in both the spatial plans and the evaluation in providing sustainable water resources. This paper considers that water balance method is the most fundamental and appropriate tool in water availability estimation. Estimation of groundwater balance of an area requires estimation of all individual inflows to and outflows from a groundwater system and change in groundwater storage over a given period of time. Input is likely to be mainly rainfall but may include river inflow or groundwater inflow from an adjacent basin, whereas output includes evaporation, transpiration, river and groundwater discharge into the sea and/or river, while storage changes include increases in soil moisture and groundwater storage. Also, accurate and detailed information of hydrological balance is actually needed to develop strategies for sustainable use and management of water resources. Available climatic data were used as input to calculate the water balance for a unit area catchment. The water balance produced quantitative assessments results of the water cycle and provided better understanding of the surface and groundwater interactions. The results showed that the hydrological balance was strongly dependent on the intensity of agricultural activity (almost 96%) within the basin. The increasing water needs in irrigation require a specifically adapted hydrological model in order to address water management issues. An actual evapotranspiration was found as a main water loss element among the water cycle components due to large-scale agricultural irrigation activities corresponding to 73% of the total water budget as an average. Once calculated sustainable groundwater management and rational use of groundwater can be implemented since groundwater abstractions can be controlled. Finally, all the water balance components were spatially distributed in a GIS environment to visualize the results.

Anaerobic digestion is a process that is mature in many ways. However, it continually attracts increasing attention in both developing countries and developed countries as a promising approach to convert organic waste to biogas. The gas that is produced from conversion of animal waste to methane can bring significant environmental and health benefits. This review discusses the fundamentals, latest progress in research and industrial applications in anaerobic digestion of commonly utilized food processing waste and municipal solid waste. It also covers the effect of reactor types, retention time and other parameters on yield and volatilization of solids. The sole anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste and co-digestion of municipal solid waste with other liquid and solid waste streams were also summarised. The current state of the technology and the future perspectives on AD were also provided.

Phosphorus-containing polymeric sorbent based on butadiene-styrene rubber was used to remove zinc, iron and chromium ions from water. The research was carried out to study the sorption characteristics by determining the effects of various parameters, such as the pH of the solution, the initial concentration of metal ions, the sorbent mass, the phase contact time, and temperature. The regularities of the kinetics of the sorption of zinc, iron and chromium ions on the phosphorus-containing sorbent synthesized on the basis of butadiene-styrene rubber were studied. On the basis of the results it was defined that the process of sorption of zinc, iron and chromium ions on the cation exchanger proceeds by an ion-exchange mechanism. The kinetics of this process is a combination of external and internal diffusion kinetics (with some predominance of external diffusion kinetics) and is better described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. In addition, a certain contribution to the overall speed of the process is made by the interaction of the sorbed ions with the functional groups of the cation exchanger.

Studies were carried out to determine the effects of ash application on the heavy metal (Mn, Cr, Ni and Pb) levels in rice grains grown in paddy farmlands in Ishiagu-Ivo Local Government Area in Ebonyi State.The rice grain samples were collected, ground and wet digested using concentrated HNO₃ and the digest aspirated onto thermo scientific ICE 3000 series atomic absorption spectrophotometer for heavy metal analysis. The data obtained were subsequently subjected to one way analysis of variance to determine any significance differences at 5% confidence limits in the heavy metal concentrations in the rice grain samples. The heavy metal levels in the rice samples wereranged, 3.822±0.195 – 1.025±0.274 for Mn, 0.5537±0.103 – 0.225±0.096 for Pb, 0.463±0.021 – 0.170±0.085 for Ni and 0.307±0.115 – 0.086±0.001μg/g for Cr. The heavy metal levels in the rice grain samples harvested in paddy farms A, B, C, D, and control were statistically significant.With the exception of Pb in rice grain sample A, all the other studied metals were within permissible limits. It was observed that the application of ash to paddy farmlands A, B, C and D significantly influenced the availability of metals for uptake by the plant (rice).Hence, the bioaccumulation factor of heavy metals by the rice grain samples decreased as follows; A > D > B > C > control. Both the bioaccumulation factor and the hazard quotient of the metals on consumption of the rice grain samples were less than I. Indeed the study shows that application of organic manure such as ash to farm lands especially where such manure is sourced from an anthropogenically polluted environment, has a consequential incremental effect on the levels of heavy metals and other pollutants bioaccumulated by plants grown on such farm lands. 

Cotton is most preferable clothing material because of its desirable properties such as comfortably, wash ability, moisture absorbency and flexible. However the growth of microorganisms on cotton textiles leads to functional, hygienic and aesthetic values. So in this research antimicrobial finishing of cotton was done by the extraction of chitosan derived from cat fish skin. The chitosan was characterized by measured by pH value, ash Value, weight loss during drying, yield level. The extracted chitosan was applied on cotton fabric by pad dry cure method and it was characterized by checking the bacterial growth on treated fabric. The physical properties shrinkage, stiffness and fabric appearance were evaluated. The results show that the finishing of cotton fabric with chitosan extracted from cat finish improves the anti-microbial activity on cotton fabric and the finishing was not affecting the   physical properties of cotton fabric.

Cassava bagasse is one of the abounding garbage procured from the extraction of cassava. Extraction of products of high value from agricultural wastes is a crucial constituent for sustainable techno economic development. In this study, extraction and characterisation of wax from cassava bagasse was carried out. About 9.86% (w/w) of crude cassava wax was obtained from the cassava bagasse using the mixture of benzene and methanol (mass ratio of 2:1) as the extraction reagents. The wax extracted was characterised using fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties were studied: melting point, saponification value, acid value, ester value and iodine value. Results of fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy revealed prominent peaks at 2911 cm^-1 (CH), 1464 cm^-1(CH₂), 1028 cm^-1(-C-O), 1717 cm^-1(-CHO) and 3382 cm^-1 (OH) illustrating the presence of alkanes, ketones, aldehyde and alcohol, respectively. The ultraviolet qualitative analysis displayed the existence of conjugated dienes at 245 nm. The dewaxed sample showed a rough, cracked and individualised surface indicating the removal of wax. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the wax which comprises of melting point, saponification value, acid value, ester value and iodine value were 62.5^oC, 275, 29.15, 245.85,14.66 and 22.54 mg/KOH/g, respectively. Thus, cassava bagasse wax has relevance for various industrial applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, medicine and several biological importance. 

The ANSYS finite element software was used to analyze the structure of the ancient archway under various loads. The analysis of the cloud map was used to help determine the position of its weak point. The influence of wind load on ancient archways is minimal, while the influence of vibration load is greater.

The archway’s mechanics is analyzed under self-weight, under horizontal wind load and under vibration load through the ANSYS model. In the existing surrounding site environment, due to the influence of construction vehicles and the construction site, the weak points of the ancient archway are easily damaged, which can be remedied in the reinforcement design.

Horizontal profiling and Vertical electrical sounding (VES) resistivity techniques were employed to delineate the viable point(s) for sitting of borehole(s) in the southeastern part of Iyin-Ekiti, southwestern Nigeria. Horizontal profiling was carried out earlier to determine the probable points for the Vertical Electrical Soundings. Ten (10) VES locations were occupied using Schlumberger electrode array. The interpretation of the field data was done employing both partial curve matching and computer iteration. Results of the interpreted data revealed HK, KQ, HKH, KH and H curve types with the HK curve types dominant representing 50% of the curves types. Furthermore, four geoelectric sections with varied thicknesses and resistivity were observed. The first layer is the top soil which is composed of dry to wet clayey sand with resistivity ranging from 2114Ωm to 6427Ωm and a thickness between 0.3m and 4m. This is followed by the partially weathered basement layer with relatively lower resistivity of 1018Ωm to 3950Ωm which was marginally observed in the VES stations. The third layer is the fresh basement with higher resistivity (3166Ωm to18493Ωm) and average thickness of about 15m. The fourth layer is the weathered/fractured zone with resistivity of 631Ωm to 6288Ωm and average thickness of 40m. The fourth geoelectric layer encompassing combination of overburden materials with the fractured basement constitutes the aquiferous zone. The groundwater potential map revealed that the high groundwater potential zone falls into the northwestern part of the study area while the very low to low groundwater potential zones are in the south central areas.">

China has the largest installed capacity of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers in the world. By the end of 2018, more than 440 CFB boilers with a total installed capacity of more than 82.3GW had been put into operation in China, according to the preliminary statistics of the electric power evaluation and consulting institute of the China electric power federation . Single capacity, installation scale or technology development has reached the world's leading level. This paper introduces the technical characteristics of CFB boiler and the main economic indicators of CFB technology development, including reliability, economy and environmental protection, and look forward to the CFB boiler technology developmentprospectsfrom the capacity, desulfurization and denitration, comprehensive utilization of energy and anti-wear technology and other aspects

Physical models of hydro-pneumatic spring with single chamber are established to solve the problem of the failure under low temperature and the pressure of the damping hole is simulated by AME Sim software. The effects of the temperature change on the differential pressure of the damping hole at both ends are comparative analyzed by simulation and test, and the optimization measures are put forward. The results could provide reference that when the vehicle is driven under low temperature and severe conditions, the absolute viscosity increases and the pressure difference at both ends of the damping hole of the recovery stroke increases; Increasing appropriately the diameter of the damping hole of the hydro-pneumatic spring will reduce the damping force and keep the hydro-pneumatic spring within the optimal damping range; The electromagnetic proportional directional valve is added in the hydro-pneumatic spring to control the diameter of the damping hole to ensure the smooth running of the vehicle.

This study aims to investigate a process of solvent extraction of used lubricating oils using solvent extraction process. Experiments were carried out on pretreated used oils from Alexandria petroleum company (A.P.C) where most of the light hydrocarbons and water were removed. Used oils were subjected to solvent extraction of base oil using mixture of solvents consists of  N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and butyl alcohol .Bench scale study was carried out to investigate of different variables including solvent to solvent ratio, solvent to oil ratio, mixing time, mixing speed, and temperature. Factorial design method which is generated by MINITAB (version 17) statistical analysis software was used to study the factors affecting on the percentage sludge removal (PSR) from used lube oils, Where the highest PSR obtained was 55.3% at (solvent to solvent ratio %wt.0.75, solvent to oil ratio 6, extraction temperature 60°C, mixing time 50 min. and mixing speed at 600 RPM) while the lowest was 18.86% at (solvent to solvent ratio %wt.0.25 , solvent to oil ratio 2, extraction temperature 25°C, mixing time 10 min. and mixing speed at 600 RPM) .

This study was carried out to investigate the accumulative levels of Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Cu in roadside topsoil of three major streets in Khartoum State and the relation between the concentration of these metals and soil physicochemical properties. The collected roadsides topsoil samples were prepared with an improved closed wet digestion system and the heavy metals concentrations in the extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration ranges of metals (μg /g) were (17.74-536.65) for Pb, (43.82-283.6) for Cr, (less than 0.10-0.63) for Cd, (4.54-13.82) for Ni, and (7.42-23.03) for Cu. The method of determination used was evaluated using a certified reference material (IAEA soil-7). The recovery values were found to be (106.20, 102.31, 118.64, 91.80 and 93.54) % for Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Cu respectively. The accuracy  was within 95% confidence interval levels for all the heavy metals determinations and the calibration curves square correlation coefficients of linearity (r²) were better than 0.995, precision of the method was less than 5 RSD% for all studied heavy metals . Appreciable correlations were found between the metals contents and soil physicochemical properties specifically organic matter contents and to some extent total dissolved solids and roadside soils texture and moisture contents as all soils samples showed moderately alkaline nature that ranged between 7.58 and 8.2 pH unit. The extend of heavy metals contamination was assessed, and the results inference was that there is a considerable level of contamination with Pb and Cr while low to no contamination with Cd, Cu and Ni on these roadside soils.

Post liberalization, India has made leaps and bounds in the spheres of technological, infrastructural and economic development. These advances, while beneficial to our citizens in terms of enriching their overall quality of life, come with a cost that of the constantly exceeding strain imposed on our environment. As we developed, there came an exodus of the population towards metropolitan areas, in the hopes of finding better living opportunities. We are what we are today as a species, due to our intellect allowing us to take advantage of the boundless resources provided to us by our planet. With urbanization, however, there has been a worrying trend of humankind disconnecting with nature; the pursuit of a materialistic life has led us to forget we come from the Earth, and will go back to it. This paper was written with an intention to foster a sense of connection between people and the rest of our ecosystem, by means of allowing them to actually take part in the harvest of natural resources in a manner that is beneficial to the people and also, more importantly, to the environment. The focus of my work will be primarily on recreational fishing, a review of the current legislative framework, along with suggestions on how more awareness maybe raised about these opportunities, so as to encourage more people to engage in them. The harvest of resources by the person themselves, as opposed to buying from a shop, nurtures a feeling of connectedness with nature which in turn, imbibes in them a feeling of responsibility to prevent rampant degradation of our environment.

Solid waste management study was conducted at a selected university in Karachi, Pakistan with the overall aim to provide an input for sustainable integrated solid waste management system. Existing practices of solid waste management at the university campus were evaluated including; quantification, characterization, economic analysis and composting potential of the solid waste generated. Results of this study reveal that about 2,033 kg of solid waste/month (24.5 tons/annum) is generated from the studied university campus. Out of the total, about 67.8 % is the recyclable and reusable plastic, paper and metal waste while, the remaining (about 32%) is mostly organic waste generated from various facilities of the university. Economic analysis indicates that about 252,012 Pak rupees annually can be earned from selling the recyclable and reusable inorganic solid waste. Amount generated from waste selling can be used to operate the existing solid waste management system more sustainably. Study also indicate that about 500 kg of good quality compost per month can be prepared from the organic waste including food and yard waste that can be used for existing horticultural activities at the university. Moving towards a sustainable integrated solid waste management system necessitates a proper system of waste collection, segregation, reselling and composting at the selected university campus. 

In recent years, various local materials on a global scale have been valued and research has multiplied, which has advanced the science of materials. Among these local materials which consume little energy, we cite raw earth which offers the advantages of a fully virtuous life cycle as well as plant fibers which are frequently found in several regions of Tunisian territory.These materials have recently received increased attention as an ecological and sustainable alternative and have aroused the interest of a certain number of scientific works in order to characterize this material and other natural materials available locally with a view to using them in the construction and thermo-acoustic insulation of buildings. Raw earth is one of the modern building materials, although it has been used worldwide for millennia, due to its hygrothermal, acoustic and mechanical performance. It is a natural material available in abundance and easily recyclable. It often does not require any purchase, transport or major transformation.This article aims firstly to present a state of the art of building with raw earth (adobe) combined with plant fibers. The latter used as reinforcement in composite materials have specific competitive mechanical properties compared to those of synthetic fibers (glass, carbon, ...) and are an environmentally friendly alternative to these fibers because of their low cost, low density, biodegradability and availability. Secondly, we present our approach to formulate an earth mortar allowing the making of blocks of adobe, intended for the construction of works such as walls, arches and domes. Adobe is stabilized and reinforced with treated rush fibers.

Ground water is one of the important natural resource which is essential for the sustenance of life on the Earth. The adequate supply of water is important for the drinking, irrigation, domestic and other industrial needs. Water quality can be thought of as a measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The Bharathapuzha River is the second longest (209 km) and largest (annual discharge 3.94 km³) among the west flowing perennial rivers (41 in number) in the state of Kerala of India. The river is the life line water resource for more than 4.5 million people residing in four administrative districts, namely Malappuram, Trissur and Palakkad districts of Kerala, and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The study has been carried for two time periods ie for the year 2007 and 2017.The study was mainly based on secondary data. Parameters like PH, Electrical Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium Chloride Fluoride and Nitrate were taken for the study. For water quality BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) norms were followed. ArcGIS 9.3 software was used for mapping spatial data and mathematical calculations were done in MS Excel.  While comparing quality of water for two time periods it can be noted that the areas coming under vulnerable category is increasing. The water quality of the western parts of the basin is in permissible limit. Most of the areas in southern and eastern parts of the basin lies in desirable and vulnerable category.