Unifloral honey of giant honey bee, A. florea (wild) and Indian hivebee, A. cerana indica (apiary) was collected from the plains, hills and Western Ghats of Karnataka and vitamin characteristics were determined during April 2015 to March 2016. Six vitamins viz., thiamine (B₁), riboflavin (B₂), niacin (B₃), panthothenic acid (B₅), pyridoxine (B₆) and ascorbic acid (C) were analyzed in honey of wild and apiary honeybees. B₁ (0.07 µ gms) and B₆ (1.80 µ gms) of A.florea honey was minimum and maximum from hills and Western Ghats respectively. Similarly A.cerana honey had lowest of B₅ (0.08 µ gms) and highest of B₆ (1.62 µ gms) from hills and Western Ghats respectively. B₂ (0.12 µ gms - 0.20 µ gms), C (1.32 µ gms - 1.55 µ gms) and B₃ (0.43 µ gms – 0.55 µ gms) of honey demonstrated variations in wild and apiary honeybees. The vitamin C and B₆ of honey was significant at 1% (p<0.01) level in plains, hills and western ghats while B₁, B₂, B₃ and B₅ of honey was not significant at 1% (p<0.01) level in plains, hills and Western Ghats of Karnataka.  All the six vitamins tested in A.florea and A.cerana displayed quantitative fluctuations in different geographical areas which are discussed in ensuing paper.

The drinking water samples were collected in a bottle from 8 villages of the Muktainagar region, Maharashtra (India), in the month of Oct/Nov. 2016. These water samples were analyzed for their physiochemical parameter. The laboratory tests performed for the analysis of samples of water for Temperature, Odour, pH, CaCO₃ content, Total Hardness (TDS), Conductance etc. On analyzing the results conclusions were drawn about potability of water for human being due to variation of concentration of one or the other parameter. The usefulness of these parameters in predicting drinking water quality characteristics were discussed. The physiochemical parameter tests were performed for the analysis of the collected water samples. Thus an attempt has been made to find the quality of drinking water in villages of Muktainagar region, suitable for drinking purposes or not. This report will be useful to community for the correction if required to make to their water quality.

During the present study an attempt was made to analyse some of the important physicochemical parameters of the water samples of the Anchar Lake, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Various physico-chemical parameters were analysed during 2014-2015 at four different sites at monthly intervals by following standard methods. Among the various parameters recorded the overall surface water temperature ranged from 5.4°C to 25.5°C; Air temperature ranged from 7.1°C to 33.9°C; Turbidity index (Secchi-disc transparency) from 4.30 to 5.50; Dissolved oxygen from 7.8 to 8.9 mg L^-1; pH from 7.29 to 8.98 ; Electric Conductivity varied from 350 to 390 μs cm^-1; Total Alkalinity varied from 125 to150 mg L^-1; Chloride values ranged from 17.3 to 25.30 mg L^-1; Total Hardness ranged from 130 to 190 mg L^-1; Ammonical Nitrogen varied from 51.21 to 70.84 μg L-1; Nitrate Nitrogen varied from 131.3 to 160.2 μg L^-1 Nitrite Nitrogen ranged from 2.90 to 20.40 μg L^-1; and Phosphate Phosphorous ranged from 1.44 to 14.16 μg L^-1. Almost all the above parameters show that the pollution load is increasing due to anthropogenic pressure and climatic factors which results the eutrophic  condition of the lake, so immediate remedial measures should be taken for its protection from further pollution.

There are numerous types of trace metals may contained in the soil. Trace metals are the metallic chemical elements that have a relatively high density and it is toxic and poisons at high concentration. The objective of this study is to determine and analyze the amount of trace metals that present in the soil and banana samples around Lante and Kola Shele garden areas in Arba Minch town, Ethiopia, and to determine which trace metals have higher amounts of concentration in Lante and Kola Shele farming surface area and also to compare it with environmental protection agency (EPA) compost standard. Some trace metals under analysis were iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). High level of iron obtained in both Kola Shele and Lante soil, but it has very less or almost null transition effect on to the banana plant growing in these soils.

The investigation of the hydrographic structure at central Red Sea during spring season revealed that the surface layer is generally warmer, lighter and less saline than deep layers.  The modelling of the vertical turbulent structure showed that buoyancy was the main mixing producer, and that turbulence, shear, and viscous dissipation played a negligible role. The total mixing rate of the water column  varied from a minimum of 9.47 X 10^-13 W. Kg^-1s^-1 to a maximum of 2.27 X 10^-11 W. Kg^-1s^-1 with an average rate of mixing production 7.43 X 10^-12 W.Kg^-1s^-1.

The organisation and improvement of quality space for trading in Imo state is of great concern for the purpose of sustainable development; however knowledge of how these spaces evolved is limited. In this study, the coordinates of Douglas, Relief, Amakohia, Ihiagwa and Nworieubi markets were captured using global positioning system to examine how market spaces are allocated in Imo state, the participants involved, the factors that help to sustain market space for future generation and the environmental implications arising from unorganised market space allocation. The paper concludes that market space management by the necessary authorities should be reinforced for proper scrutiny, adherence to implemented rules so as to sustain space for the future generation. It also buttress the fact that incessant traffic congestion, fatalities resulting from road accidents, blockage of drains and consequent flooding, diseases and outbreak of epidemics from indiscriminate dumping of market waste to surrounding residents are the necessary environmental hazards emanating from unorganised market space. And that planning units in the states should be empowered to implement the existing or reviewed laws on proper market space allocations and effect compliance to ensure that the observed environmental implications are also checked.

This paper is a preliminary study of the parameters of wind driven surface waves propagating in front of Port Said, Egypt, particularly wave frequency and wave energy. The temporal distribution and inter-relations of  nine wave parameters: significant wave height (H_s); maximum wave height (H_max); peak wave period (T_p); zero crossing wave period (T_z); maximum wave period (T_max);  significant wave period (T_s); wave frequency (f); wave energy (E); and  wave displacement angle (Θ) have been studied. The investigation revealed that wave frequency in front of Port Said was concentrated between 0.22 - 0.35 Hz, and the bulk of wave energy existed in the interval 100 - 9000 J, which could be considered as a moderate wave energy resource.

Date Palm, as one of the important fruit crops, has grown worldwide. The aim of the present study was to analyze the overall growth of the two cultivar growth under salinity after anti- salinity treatments. Both the cultivars analyzed for the growth contributing parameters as compared with their respective control. To study the genetic variability in both cultivars offshoots after anti-salinity treatment, DNA fingerprinting was performed using RAPD technology. The results showed that the application of anti- salinity treatments significantly increased the leaf area and the number of new leaves compared to control. Also, the anti-salinity treatments significantly increased total soluble carbohydrates and proline compared to control. Some of the anti-salinity treatments effect on DNA molecular markers, especially the treatment of Salicylic acid at 1000 ppm offshoot^-1 gave the highest percentage of Polymorphism using OPH-6, OPH-12 and OPA-10  primers in Sayer cultivar. Whereas the treatment of Salicylic acid at 1000 ppm offshoot^-1 gave the Polymorphism percentage with Berhi cultivar when using an OPA-10 primer only.  Overall, the data suggest that anti-salinity treatment has the ability to alter the percentage of offshoots growth, and can be used to improved tolerance of date palm offshoots adaptation to salinity tolerance using RAPD techniques.

The present work describes development of eco-friendly high performance PU-Urea / Clay hybrid composites based on organically modified MMT clay, using PCL and CTAB as surfactant. Originally modified clay was synthesized by using CTAB modified montmorillonite. Organically MMT clay was synthesized and blended with PCL, which is biodegradable in different weight % (2%, 3% and 5%). The resulting blend was treated with MDI (diisocyanate) in order to prepare biodegradable PU-Urea clay hybrids composites. In order to get fine clay deposition, CTAB modified montmorillonite (MMT) clay was introduced into the diol matrix by ultrasonication method before the reaction with diisocyanate (MDI). The NCO/OH ratio in the coatings was 1.4:1. The excess isocyanates of the NCO terminated prepolymers were reacted with moisture. The synthesized hybrids were well characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC, XRD and UTM techniques. The effect of clay content on the thermal and mechanical properties of the hybrid composites was described.